COMPARISON
* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT
Adj : - long adj / short adj
Adv : - long adv / short adv
Note:
-Nếu dùng động từ To be hoặc V nối thì trong câu sẽ dùng so sánh với tính từ, còn nếu dùng V thường thì trong câu sẽ dùng so sánh với trạng từ.
-Nếu động từ trước và sau “than/as” giống nhau thì động từ sau “than/as” ta có thể thay thế bằng trợ động từ, hoặc ta có thể bỏ động từ sau “than/as”
I earn less than he does. (less than he earns).
I swim better than he does/better than him.
-Trong văn nói hoặc tiếng anh không trang trọng có thể bỏ động từ sau “than/as”, và có thể dùng đại từ tân ngữ
He has more time than I have.
He has more time than I.
He has more time than me.
-So sánh ngang bằng và so sánh hơn chỉ dùng khi so sánh giữa 2 người hoặc 2 vật, còn khi so sánh từ 3 người hoặc 3 vật trở lên ta dùng so sánh hơn nhất.
A. So sánh ngang bằng ( Equal Comparison)
|
1. S + “be/Vnối” + as + adj + as + N ( Pronoun) + (Verb) |
Ex. - Peter is as tall as his father.
- Mary is as beautiful as her friend.
|
2. S + V thường + as + adv + as + N (Pronoun) + (Verb) |
Ex. - Jane sings as well as his sister.
Note:
- Sau “as” thứ hai nhất thiết phải là đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ ( được dùng tân ngữ nhưng chủ yếu trong văn nói.)
- Nếu là câu phủ định (so sánh không bằng), “as” thứ nhất có thể thay bằng “so”
Ex: His work is not so difficult as mine
- Danh từ cũng có thể dùng so sánh trong trường hợp này nhưng đảm bảo danh từ đó phải có tính từ tương ứng.
Chú ý các tính từ sau và các danh từ tương ứng của chúng.
Adj N
- heavy, light ® weight
- wide, narrow ® width
- deep, shallow ® depth
- long, short ® length
- big, small ® size
- old ® age
- Danh từ cũng được dùng để so sánh, nhưng trước khi so sánh thì cần xác định danh từ đó là đếm được hay là không đếm được và sử dụng công thức so sánh sau:
N đếm được : Ex : book , pen, table .......
N không đếm được : money. water, salt ......
|
many/ few N đếm được số nhiều S + V + as + + + as + noun/pronoun much/little N không đếm được |
Ex: David earns as much money as his wife
* Ý “bằng nhau, như nhau” có thể được diễn đạt cách khác:
|
S+ V + the same + (N) + as + N (pronoun). |
Ex. - My house is as high as his.
® My house is the same height as his.
-Tom is as old as Mary.
® Tom and Mary are the same age.
Note :
-Đối nghĩa của the same .....as là difference ............ from
Ex : My teacher is different from yours.
-Chúng ta dùng “ the same as” chứ không dùng “ the same like”
B. So sánh hơn. ( Comparative)
1. So sánh hơn ( Comparative)
|
more + long Adj |
S + be/ Vnối short Adj +er + than + N ( pronoun)
Ex. -Today is hotter than yesterday.
-This chair is more comfortable than the other.
|
more + long Adv |
S + V + short Adv +er + than + N ( pronoun)Ex. - He speaks English better than me.
- My father sings more beautifully than my brother.
* Để nhấn mạnh so sánh, có thể thêm much/far trước so sánh, công thức:
|
S + V + far/much + Adj/Adv +er + than + noun/pronoun S + V + far/much + more + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun |
Eg : Harry’s watch is far more expensive than mine
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
Note:
- Adj ngắn 1 âm tiết + er/ est :
Ex. Thick ® thicker / thickest , cold ® colder/ coldest ….
+ Với những tính từ 1 âm tiết có câu tạo: phụ âm + nguyên âm + phụ âm thì ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm er/ est :
Ex. Hot ® hotter/ hottest , big ® bigger// biggest
+ Với những tính từ tận cùng là nguyên âm + y ta giữ nguyên và thêm er / est
Ex: gay ® gayer / gayest
gray ® grayer / grayset
+ Với những tính từ 2 âm tiết có tận cùng là đuôi: –y, -er, -ow ,-le: thì ta thêm đuôi er / est :
Ex. dirty ® Dirtier
simple ® simpler
clever ® cleverer
narrow ® narrower
+ Với những tính từ tận cùng là phụ âm + y , ta đổi y = i + er /est
Eg : happy ® happier
easy ® easier
+ Còn lại những tính từ 2 âm tiết khác ta thêm more đằng trước tính từ.
- Với những tính từ 3 âm tiết trở lên ta thêm more đằng trước:
Ex. beautiful ® more beautiful intelligent ® more intelligent
interesting® more interesting
C. So sánh nhất ( Superlative )
So sánh nhất bắt buộc phải có từ 3 đối tượng trở lên. ( thường là N tập hợp )
|
most + long adj/ adv |
S + V + the + short adj/ adv +est +( N )+ ( in/ of ) + NEx : Lan is the most beautiful in my class
Note:
-Dùng in với danh từ số ít. Dùng of với danh từ số nhiều
Ex.This dress is the most beautiful of the dresses.
-Các quy tắc khác cũng giống như dạng so sánh hơn.
Ex. Hottest, biggest
Ex. John is the tallest boy in my class.
-Các trường hợp adj/ adv biến đổi đặc biệt.
+Một số adj cũng đồng thời là adv:
Early, hard, fast, long
-Nếu dùng mệnh đề quan hệ thường ta dùng với thì hoàn thành
Ex.
It/This is the best beer (that) I have ever drunk.
It/This was the worst film (that) he had ever seen.
He is the kindest man (that) I have ever met.
It was the most worrying day (that) he had ever spent.
D. So sánh kém
1.So sánh kém hơn:
|
S + V + less + adj/adv + than + noun/ pronoun |
Ex. -Nga is less young than I.
-My brother runs less fast than I.
2.So sánh kém hơn nhất:
|
S + V + the + least + adj/ adv +( N ) + ( in/ of ) + N |
Ex. - These shoes are the least expensive of all.
3.So sánh lũy tiến càng ngày càng kém
|
S+ V+ less and less + long/short adj/ adv |
She becomes less and less beautiful.
E . So sánh kép ( Double Comparative )
a) So sánh đồng tiến: ( càng……thì càng)
|
The+ comparative + S + V +(O), the + comparative + S + V +(O) |
Ex. The hotter it is, the more terrible I feel.
The sooner you leaver, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
The more you study, the smarter you will become.
b) So sánh lũy tiến: ( càng ngày càng…..)
- Tính từ và trạng từ dài:
|
S+ V+ more+ and +more + long adj/ adv |
Ex. She becomes more and more beautiful.
( Cô ấy càng ngày càng xinh.)
- Tính từ và trạng từ ngắn:
|
S + V + short adj/ adv + er and + short adj/ adv + er |
Ex. Lan is younger and younger. ( Lan càng ngày càng trẻ )
Note : Một số adj không dùng để so sánh là những adj chỉ tính chất duy nhất , đơn nhất , chỉ kích thước , hình học ( mang tính qui tắc )
Eg : only , unique , square, round, perfect, extreme, just ..
COMPARISON CHART
|
ADJECTIVE |
COMPARATIVE |
SUPERLATIVE |
|
One syllable adjective: old, fast, clean, long |
Older, faster, cleaner, longer |
The oldest, the fastest, the cleanest, the longest |
|
One syllable adjectives ending in –e: wide, nice |
Wider, nicer |
The widest, the nicest |
|
Two syllable adjectives ending in –y, -er, -ow ,-le: dirty, simple, clever, narrow |
Dirtier, simpler, cleverer, narrower |
The dirtiest, the simplest, the cleverest, the narrowest |
|
Other adjectives with two or more syllables: honest, modern, comfortable |
More honest, more modern, more comfortable |
The most honest, the most modern, the most comfortable |
|
Irregular adjectives: good, bad, far, old |
Better, worse, farther/further, older/elder(only with family members) |
The best, the worst, the farthest/the furthest, the oldest/the eldest (only with family members) |
* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
I. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D to complete each sentence.
1.Ms. Jones isn’t as nice …….. Ms. Smith.
A. as B. for C. like D. to
2. The rooms in Graduate Towers are……….. Patterson Hall.
A. larger than B. larger than that of
C. larger than those in D. larger than in
3. Although she is very popular, she is not……her sister.
A. pretty as B. as pretty
C. prettier than D. most pretty than
4. Tuition at an American university runs……..Six thousand dollars a semester.
A. so high as B. as high to
C. as high as D. as high than
5. Everyone looks much………. today than they did yesterday.
A. happy B. happily C. more happily D. happier
6. Mr. Brown receives a …….. salary than anyone else in the company.
A. big B. more bigger C. bigger D. the bigger
7. The Boeing 747 is twice…….. the Boeing 707.
A. bigger than B. as bigger as
C. as big as D. more bigger than
8. “Do you know that beautiful lady over there?” “ Yes, that’s Wanida. She’s…………. in her group.”
A. more beautiful than any girl B. more beautiful than any other girl
C. so beautiful as other girl D. beautiful more than another girl
9. My young brother grew very quickly and soon he was……..my mother.
A. more big than B. so big than
C. as big as D. too big than
10.He is not……. tall as his father.
A. the B. as C. than D. more
11. John’s grade……. than his sister’s.
A. higher B. more high C. more higher D. the highest
12. Diana is the……..of the three sisters.
A. more short B. shorter C. shortest D. more short
13. She speaks English as……….as her friend does.
A. good B. well C. better D. the best
14. Of three shirts, this one is the………….
A. prettier B. more prettiest C. prettiest D. most pretty
15. The baby’s illness is……….. than we thought at first.
A. bad B. worst C. worse D. badly
16. Today is the……… day of the month.
A. hot B. hotter C. hottest than D. hottest
17. He works more ………..than I.
A. slow B. slowly C. most slowly D. slowest
18. My book is as……….as yours.
A. good B. well C. better D. the best
19. I love you……….than I can say.
A. much B. many C. more D. the most
20. It’s………….to go by bus than by car.
A. cheaper B. cheapest C. more cheap D. more cheaper
21. That house is ………one on the street.
A. oldest B. the oldest C. old D. older
22. This hotel must be………..than the small one next door.
A. expensive B. more expensive
C. the most expensive D. the more expensive
23. An orange is ……… than a plum.
A. more large B. more larger C. larger D. the largest
24. What is the……….thing you have done ever done?
A. more difficult B. most difficult
C. difficulty D. difficult than
25. This river is……… than that river.
A. narrow B. narrowest C. narrower D. most narrow
26. The test is not………difficult……….it was last month.
A. as/ as B. so/ as C. more/ as D. A and B
27. Peter usually drives………..Mary.
A. more fast B. more fast than C. faster than D. B and C
28. My brother sang….of all the pupils of the group.
A. more beautifully B. the most beautifully
C. less beautifully D. most beautifully
29. At 3,810 meters above sea level in Bolivia stands Lake Titica, ………in the world.
A. the highest large lake B. largest high lake
C. high largest D. the high largest lake
30. The hotel was…….any one we had stayed at before.
A. more expensive than B. more expensive as
C. most expensive than D. better expensive than
31. A: It’s a long way from Britian, isn’t it?
B: Yes, but it isn’t as……….as Hong Kong.
A. far B. farther C. farthest D. further
32. Of the four dresses, which is ………………..expensive?
A. the best B. the most C. the more D. the greater
33. The larger the apartment, the................... the rent.
A. expensive B. more expensive
C. expensively D. most expensive
34. The faster we walk,………….. we will get there.
A. the soonest B. the soon
C. the more soon D. the sooner
36. “ Why did you buy these oranges? ” “They were ……….….. I could find. ”
A. cheapest B. cheapest ones
C. the cheapest ones D. the most cheapest
37. She plays the piano …………… as she sings.
A. as beautifully B. more beautifully
C. as beautiful D. the most beautifully
38. The streets are getting more and …………… these days.
A. crowded B. less crowded
C. more crowded D. most crowded
39. The larger the city, …………… the crime rate.
A. highest B. higher C. the highest D. the higher
40. You must explain your problems …………....
A. as clear as you can B. as clearly as you can
C. as clear than you are D. as clearly as you are
41. Pil is ……………… person we know.
A. the happier B. the happiest C. happier D. happiest
42. Which woman are you going to vote for? –I ’m not sure. Everyone says that Joan is………….
A. smarter B. the smarter C. more smarter D. more smart
43. Bill is ………………
A. lazier and lazier B. more and more lazy
C. lazier and more lazy D. more lazy and lazier
44. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere …………………?
A. noisier B. more quie C. more noisy D. quieter
45. ………………..the time passes, …………….I feel ! The deadline of my thesis is coming, but I have just finished half of it.
A. The faster / the nervous B. The more fast / the nervous
C. The fast / the more nervous D. The faster / the more nervous
46. China is the country with…………………..population.
A. the larger B. the more large C. the largest D. the most large
47. She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting…………….Finally she exploded.
A. more and more angry D. the most angry
B. the more angry C. angrier and angrier
48. For ……………….., it is certain that in the future some things will be very different.
A. the better or the worse B. the good or the bad
C. good or bad D. better or worse
49. Her grandfather’s illness was…………………..we thought at first.
A. more seriously as B. as seriously as C. more serious than D. as serious than
50. My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed…………..usual.
A. more early than B. as early as C more earlier as D. earlier than
51._______ you study for these exams, _______ you will do.
A. The harder / the better B. The more / the much
C. The hardest / the best D. The more hard / the more good
52. His house is _______ mine.
A. twice as big as B. as twice big as
C. as two times big as D. as big as twice
53. A: It’s hot there, isn’t it?
B: It’s very………..during the day.
A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. hotter than
54. ……….apples are grown in Washington State.
A. Best B. The most good C. The best D. The better
55. The test becomes……….and…………
A. hard/ hard B. difficult/ difficult
C. harder/ harder D. difficulty/ difficulty
56. His health is getting……….and…………….
A. good/ good B. better/ better
C. bad/ bad D. well/ well
57. The more paper we save,…………preserved.
A. more is wood pulp B. the more wood pulp is
C. wood pulp is D. the much wood pulp is
58. The more polluted air we breathe,…….we get.
A. the more weaker B. the more weak C. the weaker D. weaker more
59. The more we study, the……we are.
A. more good B. better C. better than D. good
60. The more I tried my best to help her, ……….she became.
A. less lazy B. the lazier C. the more lazy D. lazier
61. The weather becomes………………
A. colder with colder B. colder and colder
C. colder and more colder D. more and more cold
62. The more he slept,…………….irritable he became.
A. the most B. the vey more C. much more D. the more
63. ………..he worked, the more he earned.
A. The more hard B. The hard C. The harder D. The hardest
64. ………I get to know Jim, the more I like him.
A. For more B. More C. The more D. The most
65. The competition makes the price of goods……….
A. most cheap and cheap B. cheaper and cheaper
C. more cheap and more cheap D. cheaper and more cheaper
66. That factory is producing…….pollution.
A. more and more B. better and better C. less and least D. more and less
67. The ………I read about history, the……..it makes me realize how relevant history is for us today.
A. more/ better B. better/ better C. more/ more D. better/ more
68. The less we study, the………..we are.
A. worse B. bad C. well D. good
69. ……….the match was, the more spectators it attracted.
A. The most interesting B. The best interesting
C. The more interesting D. The interesting
70. The more running water you use,……………
A. your bill will be higher B. will be higher your bill
C. the higher your bill will be D. the highest your bill will be
71.…………
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