Ex: He admitted taking the money.

              Avoid over-eating

              He detests writing letters.

             He didn’t want to risk getting wet.

             I can’t understand his/ him leaving his wife.

Chú ý: excuse, forgive, pardon, prevent không trực tiếp theo sau bởi danh động từ mà theo sau bởi:

          Possessive adjective/ pronoun + danh động từ hoặc pronoun + preposition + danh động từ

          Appreciate thường theo sau bởi tính từ sở hữu hoặc danh động từ ở dạng bị động

Ex: Forgive my/ me ringing you up so early.

       Forgive me for ringing you up so early.

      You can’t prevent his/ him spending his own money.

     You can’t prevent him from spending his own money.

    I appreciate your giving me o much of your time./ I appreciate being given this opportunity.

      b. common phrasal verbs + V-ing: (sau một số cụm động từ)

            carry on,      end up,        give up,        go round,    keep on,        put off,    set about…

      c. Expression + V-ing: Một số thành ngữ theo sau bởi V-ing

        - have fun/ a good time + V-ing : vui vẻ …

        - have trouble/ difficulty + V-ing:     

        - have a hard time/ difficult time + V-ing

        - spend + time/ money + V-ing (present participle)

                  He spends 3 hours studying English every day.

        - waste + time/money + V-ing :

        - sit + Danh từ nơi chốn + V-ing : she sat at her desk writing a letter

        - stand + danh từ nơi chốn + V-ing

        - lie + danh từ nơi chốn + Ving

        - can’t help = can’t bear = can’t stand = can’t resist (không thể chịu được)

         I can’t bear hearing his lies      

         I can’t stand seeing him here           

        - it is no good / it is no use (vô ích / không có ích) :             It’s no use phoning him at this time

        - there’s no point in …

       - What’s the point of…

       - to be busy           bận rộn

            My mother is busy cooking in the kitchen.

        - to be  worth                  đáng 

            This book is worth reading

        - be use to = get used to = be accustomed to  : quen với

        - S + prefer  + V-ing +  to  + V-ing: thích làm gì hơn làm gì

        = S + would rather Vinf than Vinf

     d.  go + gerund để chỉ một hoạt động đặc biệt nào đó: (Present participle)

- go fishing                      đi câu cá                           go hunting            go bowling        go jogging

- go shopping                  đi mua sắm                       go camping         go sightseeing   go sailing

- go swimming                đi bơi                                go dancing       go running      ….

- go hiking                       đi bộ dã ngoại                 go birdwatching           go boating        go canoening

- go mountain climbing

 

 

* Cụm giới từ theo sau bới V-ing:

be excited/ worried  about  V-ing

complain                                                               keep (someone)

dream                     about/ of + V-ing                   prevent (someone)       from  V-ing

talk                                                                         stop (someone)

think

    

     apologize                                                                  believe

     blame (someone)                                                   be interested        in    V-ing

     forgive (someone)                 for V-ing                 succeed

     be responsible         

     thank (someone)

      

     be tired           of  V-ing                                            in addition 

     be waste                                                                    look forward       to   V-ing

 

* Preposition +gerund (giới từ +gerund):

Be interested in (thích thú)                 think about (nghĩ về)                             apologize for (xin lỗi về)

Insist on (khăng khăng về)                  talk about (nói về)                               instead of (thay vì)

 

Be accustomed to                                                                    look forward to ( mong đợi ) 

be / get used to          quen /thích nghi với                              be familiar with

             

3. The perfect gerund:

Form:    having Vpp

  The perfect gerund được sử dụng thay the present form of gerund (V-ing) khi chúng ta đề cập tới một hành động đã hoàn tất trong quá khứ:

   Ex: He was accused of having stolen her money.

         He denied having been there.

 4. The passive gerund:

Form: being + past participle (present)

            Having + been + Vpp (past)

              Ex: She hates being called a dull.

                     The mountain climbers are in danger of being killed by an avalanche.

                     I am interested in being given money by my mother.

                     He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper.

                    The safe showed no signs of having been touched.

 

II. INFINITIVES: §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ

  1. Chức năng:

- Làm chủ ngữ của câu: (cùng với các động từ: appear, seem, be)

    Ex: To save money now seems impossible.

           = It seems impossible to save money (more usual)

- Làm bổ  ngữ của động từ (be):

     Ex: His plan is to keep the affair secret.      

- Làm tân ngữ của động từ:

     Ex: He wants to play

- Chỉ mục đích: He learns English to sing English songs.  

- Sau một số tính từ:

   2. Bare infinitive (infinitive without to)

•  Được dùng sau động từ make, have với nghĩ nguyên cớ (causative)

 The Brown made their children clean their room.

The guest had the porters carry their luggage upstairs.

• Được dùng sau động từ giác quan như see, hear, feel,notice, taste, smell, ....

We incidentally saw the plane crash into the moutain.

The man noticed his assistant leave work earlier than usual.

* chú ý:

Feel, hear, see, watch, smell , find + O + Ving (present participle): bắt gặp ai đó đang làm gì

Feel, hear, see, watch, smell , find + O + bare inf. : thấy ai đó đã làm gì

• Đuợc dùng sau động từ let và help.

My brother let me use computer.

The parents helped their children set up the tent.

• Được dùng sau các đọng từ khuyết thiếu  và trợ động từ: can, could, will, shall, would, should, used to, had better, need,  ought to, do, did …
• Trong cấu trúc: would rather + bare infinitve/ had better

    3. To – infinitive:

A.  To infinitive sau động từ:

   D¹ng 1: V + TO INFINITIVE  : Mét sè ®éng tõ theo sau lµ to infinitive

1.agree: đồng ý           2.aim: nhằm mục đích            3. appear: có vẻ           4.arrange:  sắp xếp

5.ask: yêu cầu             6.attempt: cố gắng                  7.bother: phiền            8.care: để ý

9.choose: chọn                        10.claim: công bố                   11.decide: quyết định  12.demand: yêu cầu

13.determine: định đoạt          14.fail: thất bại            15.guarantee: bảo đảm            16.happen: xảy ra

17. hesitate: do dự      18.hope: hy vọng                    19.learn: học               20.manage: xoay xở 21.neglect: lơ đãng    22.offer: đề nghị                     23.plan: có kế hoạch   24.prepare:chuẩn bị 25.pretend: giả vờ          26. proceed: tiếp nối                     27.promise:                 28.prove: chứng tỏ

29.refuse: từ chối        30.resolve: nhất quyết             31.seem:                      32.swear: thề  

33.tend: có xu hướng  34.threaten: dọa                      35.volunteer: tình nguyện          

36.vow: dụ dỗ             37.wish                                    38.want                       39.need                      

40.wait                        41. expect                                42. intend                    43. would like/ would love

44. beg                        45. begin/ start 46. afford : đủ khả năng                      47. be willing                       48. be able                 49. expect                                50. intend                    51.beg: cầu khẩn        

52. prefer        

   D¹ng 2: V + O + TO INFINITIVE

- Danh từ/ đại từ làm tân ngữ (objects) đi sau, rồi mới đến “to infinitive”

Ví dụ:

- She advised  me to go to the English Club.

* Một số động từ thường gặp:

+ advise : khuyên                               + allow: cho phép

+ ask: yêu cầu.                                    + cause: gây ra.

+ command : yêu cầu, ra lệnh            + encourage: khuyến khích   

+ expect: mong chờ.                           + forbid: cấm

+ force : buộc                                     + instruct: chỉ dẫn

+ invite: mời                                       + oblige: bắt buộc

+ need: cần               - We need you to help us

+ teach: dạy              - My brother taught me to swim

+ tell: bảo.                                          + want: muốn

+ warn :  cảnh báo                              + remind: nhắc nhở

+ order: yêu cầu, ra lệnh                    + persuade : thuyết phục

+ request: yêu cầu                              + show :

+ train : đào tạo, huấn luyện              + instruct: chỉ dẫn

+ permit: cho phép                             + remind: nhắc nhở

* NOTES :

   + allow / permit / advise/ recommend/ encourage + object + to infinitive

              Ex: She doesn’t allow me to smoke in her room

   + allow/ permit/ recommend/ encourage/ advise + gerund

              Ex: She doesn’t allow smoking in her room

D¹ng 3: V + TO INFINITIVE/ GERUND    (một số động từ theo sau bởi to infinitive and gerund)

Nhóm 1: V + to Infinitive / Gerund ( không khác nghĩa )

- begin                   bắt đầu      - prefer                  thích .. hơn                        - can’t stand

- start                     bắt đầu      - hate                     ghét                       - can’t bear

- continue              tiếp tục      - love                    yêu thích                - intend

- like                      thích          - bother                 làm phiền

Các động từ trên có thể được theo sau bởi to Infinitive hoặc Gerund mà ý nghĩa hÇu nh­ không đổi.

Ví dụ:

          - He began to laugh

          = He began laughing

  Chú ý :

a) Không nên dùng: It’s beginning raining

Nên nói: It is begining to rain

b) Động từ nguyên mẫu thường mang ý nghĩa của một mục đích, một dự tính trong tương lai, trong khi danh động từ mang ý nghĩa một kinh nghiệm sẵn có. Cách sử dụng chúng đôi khi rất tinh tế như sau:

Ví dụ

 - I like to meet the public

  (Tôi thích gặp công chúng – Tôi thấy nên gặp, cần gặp → dự định)

- I like meeting the public

  (Tôi thích gặp công chúng. Tôi thấy vui khi gặp và tôi luôn làm thế).

               Nhóm 2: V + infinitive / Gerund ( khác nghĩa)

                  remember,       forget,         regret,        try,         stop,        need ,      go on

1. NEED

      Need to do = it is necessary to do :cÇn ph¶i lµm ( ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu mang nghÜa chñ ®éng)

      Need doing = need to be done : cÇn ph¶i ®­îc lµm ( ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng)

 

5. Tom needs to work harder. (It is necessary for Tom to work harder.)
5. The grass in front of the house needs cutting. (The grass in front of the house needs to be cut.)

 

2. STOP

Stop to do = stop in order to do : dõng l¹i ®Ó lµm viÖc g× kh¸c

Stop doing = not to do something any longer : dõng lµm viÖc g× ®ã (®ang lµm)

 

5. They stopped to look at the pictures.
5. They stopped smoking because it is bad for their health.

 

c. REGRET/ REMEMBER/ FORGET:

       Remember/forget/regret + to V: nhớ/quên/tiếc sẽ phải làm gì (ở hiện tại và tương lai)

 

* Remember to send this letter (hãy nhớ gửi bức thư này). Don’t forget to buy flowers (đừng quên mua hoa đấy)

* I regret to inform you that the train was canceled (tôi rất tiếc phải báo tin cho anh rằng chuyến tầu đã bị hủy bỏ)

 

 

 

 

        Remember/forget/regret + V-ing: nhớ/quên/tiếc đã làm gì (ở quá khứ).

 

I paid her $2. I still remember that. I still remember paying her $2 (tôi nhớ đã trả cô ấy 2 đô la).

She will never forget meeting the Queen (cô ấy không bao giờ quên lần gặp nữ hoàng)

He regrets leaving school early. It is the biggest mistake in his life.

 

d. TRY

 

                 Try to do : cè g¾ng lµm

                 Try doing : thö lµm

5. She tries to pass the entrance exam to the college of pharmacy.
5. I’ve got a terrible headache. I try taking some aspirins but they didn’t help.

 

e.         GO ON:

                  Go on doing s.th. : tiÕp tôc lµm cïng mét viÖc g× ®ã.

                  Go on to do s.th. : lµm hay nãi viÖc g× kh¸c

 

5. The Minister went on talking for two hours.
5. We must change our ways. We can’t go on living like this.
5. After discussing the economy, the Minister went on to talk about foreign policy.

      f. MEAN

Mean + to V = intend to V: dự định làm gì đó

Mean + V-ing = involve: bao gồm, bao hàm, có nghĩa là

     B. To infinitive sau một số tính từ:

5. Trong cấu trúc sau:  IT + BE + ADJECTIVE + TO INFINITIVE

Ví dụ:

- It’s difficult to find their house           Thật khó tìm ra nhà của họ

- It’s dangerous to drive fast                 Lái xe nhanh thì nguy hiểm.

 - It’s important to learn English          Học tiếng Anh thì rất quan trọng

     Có hai dạng tương đương như sau:

         =    To infinitive + be + Adjective

               Gerund

Ví dụ:

- It’s exciting to play football              Chơi bóng đá thật thú vị.

= to play football is exciting

= playing football is exciting

5. To infinitive sau 1 số tính từ:

Able, unable, happy, delighted (vui vẻ), easy, lovely, glad, sorry, eager (háo hức), amazed (ngạc nhiên), pleased (hài lòng), disappointed, surprised, willing (sẵn lòng), certain (chắc chắn)

5. Trong cấu trúc:

   * S + be/ get/ look/ seem/ become...+ too + Adj +(for O) + to infi.

       S + V (thường)                              + too + Adv +(for O) + to infi.

Ex: The water in this glass is too hot to drink.

             This coffee is too hot for me to drink.

             He runs too slowly to catch the bus.

   *S + be + Adj + enough (for O) + to infi.

    S + V (thường) + Adv + enough (for O) + to infi.

Ex: He is old enough to get married.

              He’s intelligent enough to get good marks.

              They speak slowly enough to understand.

   * so + adjective + as + infinitive

        Ex: He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.

   *It + cost/ take + O + to infinitive…

       Ex: It would cost millions/ take years to rebuild the castle.

   C. Sau một số từ để hỏi:

     Verb + how/what/when/where/ which/why + infinitive

    Những động từ sử dụng công thức này là ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, show + object, think, understand, want to know, wonder.

      Ex    : He discovered how to open the safe.

                  I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.

                 She couldn’t think what to say

                 I showed her which button to press.

                She wondered whether to write or phone.

    D. Chỉ mục đích:

         Ex:  He tried to study hard in order to / so as to/ to pass every exam

    E. Noun + to infinitive ( replace a relative clause)

    Ex:   1. I have many things which I must do/ to do

            2. She is always the last to go/ who goes

F. S + V + Đại từ bất định + To V

(anywhere, anybody, anything, somebody, something, somewhere, nobody, nothing, nowhere, everything, everybody, everywhere)

Ex: Is there anywhere to go?

      He has got nothing to eat

   G. Sau một số cụm từ sau:

be about :định, sẽ

be able : có thể

do one’s best : cố gắng

make an/ every effort: nỗ lực

make up one’s mind: quyết định

can’t afford

  Ex: He is just about to leave

         We can’t afford to live in the centre

   H. Thay cho một mệnh đề quan hệ:

- Động từ nguyên thể có thể được sử dụng sau the first, the second..., the last, the only và thỉnh thoảng sau so sánh hơn nhất

  Ex: He loves parties; he is always the first who comes and the last who leaves.

 = He loves parties; he is always the first to come and the last to leave

   He is the second one to be killed in this way.

4. The perfect infinitive:

 + Form:  to have + Vpp

+ Use:

  - Dùng với was/ were để diễn tả một kế hoạch chưa thực hiện được

   Ex: The house was to have been ready today (but it isn’t)

 - Dùng sau would/ would like để diễn tả một điều ước vẫn chưa hoàn thiện

   Ex: He would like to have seen it (but it was impossible)

 - Dùng với một số động từ: appear, happen, pretend, seem, believe, consider, find, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand…

III. PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND GERUND:

   + Passive gerund:  being + past participle

              Ex: She hates being called a dull.

                     The mountain climbers are in danger of being killed by an avalanche.

                    I am interested in being given money by my mother.

   + Passive infinitive: to be + past participle

              Ex: I hoped to be invited to the party.

                    He refused to be taken to hospital.

                    She doesn’t want to be asked personal questions

® Được dùng để nhấn mạnh hành động/ sự kiện hơn là tác nhân gây ra hành động

 

* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG

Exercise 1: Multiple choice

1. I enjoy _________ alone.

a. be               b. to be       c. being                         d. to have been

2. Would you like _______to the party?

a. to come      b. come      c. coming                      d. to have come

3. Do you mind_______ such a long way to work everyday?

a. to travel      b. travel      c. to have travelled      d. travelling

4. I don’t like that house. I would hate _______there.

a. live           b. living             c. to live                 d. to have lived

5. Sometimes I would like_______ to play the piano.

a. to learn    b. learning          c. learn                   d. to have learned

6. Please remember _______this letter.

a. to post       b. post      c. posting                         d. to have posted

7. We tried _______the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire­- brigade.

a. putting      b. put        c. to put                           d. to have put

8. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember_______ it by the window and now it has gone.

a. leave       b. to leave      c. to have left               d. leaving                    

9. Jane needed some money. She tried _______Harry but he couldn’t help her.

a. to have asked            b .to ask                           c. asking                      d. ask

10. Please tell me how _______this

a. do           b. to do            c. doing                      d. to have done

11. One is never too old_______

a. to learn   b. learning         c. learn                     d. to have learned

12. You are old enough _______out alone.

a. going      b. to go       c. to have gone                d. go

13. I’m glad _______you

a. to meet         b. meet        c. meeting                  d. to have met

14. It’s nice _______you

a. to know      b. know        c. knowing                d. to have known

15. We stopped_______ hello to her.

a. say             b. to say          c. saying                   d. to have said

16.  It’s no use ______ those things.

a. buy           b. buying         c. to buy                   d. to be bought

17. After ______, she invited the audience to ask questions.

a. finish            b. finished            c. finishing      d. to finish

18. Robbins started ______ a few years ago.

a. to jog     b. jogging        c. jog                           d. A and B are correct

19. I suggest ________ some more mathematics puzzles.

a. do          b. to do                        c. doing                       d done

20. My computer needs _______.

a. repair     b. to repair                   c. repairing                  d. repaired

21. I want ----- at home tonight

a. staying            b. to stay             c. stay                 d. stayed

22. Alice isn’t interested in ------- for a new job

a. look                b. to look            c. looks               d. looking

23. We’re going out for dinner. Would you like ----- us?

a. joining            b. to join             c. join                 d. joins

24. When Beth got tired, she stopped -------

a. working          b. to work           c. work               d. works

25. Don’t forget ------ the letter I gave you yesterday

a. post                 b. posting           c. posts               d. to post

26. Her boss refuses ------ her a raise

a. giving             b. to give            c. give                d. a & b correct

27. She enjoys ----- with many people

a. work               b. working          c. to work           d. works

28. Mary was in a difficult situation, so he agreed ------- her some money

a. to lend            b. lend                c. lending           d. a & c correct

29. They sometimes avoid ------ him

a. meeting          b. meet               c. to meet           d. meets

30. It was a nice day, so we decided -------- for a walk

a. going              b. go                   c. to go               d. goes

31. Would you mind -------- the door? Thanks

a. opening          b. open               c. opens              d. to open

      32. The man wanted to avoid ...................... on security cameras.

      a. to see          b. seeing                 c .to be seen       d. being seen

33. I tried ........................... the bus, but I missed it.

a. to catch      b. catching               c. to be caught             d. being caught

34. The plants want ........................... daily.

a. to water     b. watering              c. to be watered           d. both b and c

35. Will you remind me .................... this letter at the post office?

a. to post       b. posting                c. to be posted             d. being posted

36. The goods ought ....................... two weeks ago.

      a. to deliver           b. delivering    c. to be delivered         d. being delivered

37. I have expected ......................... the secret of happiness.

a. to tell                 b. telling          c. to be told                 d. being told

38. John had agreed ......................... me in his office.

a. to meet              b. meeting      c. to be met                 d. being met

      39. I don’t like _____ when I am not there.

      a. criticizing          b. being criticized       c. to criticize               d. to be criticized

      40. She expected ________ to the principal.

      a. to introduce      b. being introduced      c. to be introduced      d. being introduced

     41. Tom was sad about ________ in class yesterday.

      a. punishing      b. being punished            c.  to be punished        d. punished

     42. You shouldn’t make your son _______ too much.

      a. study     b. studied         c. to study                 d. studying

     43 John had agreed ......................... me in his office.

a. to meet              b. meeting      c. to be met       d. being met

     44. It’s important for the figures ......................... regularly.

a. to update            b. updating      c. to be updated          d. being updated

45. It is no good ............................ sorry for yourself.

a. to feel                b. feeling                     c. feel              d. felt

     46. Peter regrets …………Marry’s birthday party

a. not to attend      b. not attending           c. not to be attending  d. not to be attended

     47. Will you remind me .................... this letter at the post office?

a. to post               b. posting        c. to be posted             d. being posted

     48. I shall never forget-----------with you to Paris last year.

     a. staying         b. to staying        c. to stay             d. stayed

     49. I am looking forward to -----------you.

     a. having seen     b. seeing                                c. to see                d. all are wrong

     50. I am always remember------------ off the lights before I leave my house.

     a. turning       b. to turn            c. turned                 d. being