RELATIVE CLAUSES - REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES – REDUCED CLAUSES
I. LÝ THUYẾT
A. RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, whose, which, that) hay các trạng từ quan hệ như (where, when, why). Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau danh từ. Chức năng của nó giống như một tính từ do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ.
Eg: The man who lives next door is very friendly.
|
Danh từ đứng trước (Antecedent) |
Chủ ngữ (Subject) |
Tân ngữ (Object) |
Sở hữu cách (Possesive Case) |
|
Người (person) |
Who/That |
Whom/That |
Whose |
|
Vật (Thing) |
Which/That |
Which/That |
Of which/ whose |
I. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns)
1. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ ngữ/ tân ngữ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
à I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.
The girl is John’s sister. You saw her at the concert.
=> The girl who you saw at the concert is …
2. WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH.
Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
à I know the girl whom I spoke to.
3. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ ngữ /tân ngữ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars
à She works for a company which makes cars.
The accident wasn’t very serious. Daniel saw it.
=> The accident which Daniel saw ……
* Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó – a connector
Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)
4. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định (Mđ không có dấu phẩy)
Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
*Notes:
+ Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, anyone, nobody,…hoặc sau “ all, much , none, little...” được dùng như đại từ.
Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours./ These walls are all that are remains of the city.
- Sau các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất, các từ chỉ thứ tự : only, first, last, second, next…
Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I’ve ever had.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cấu trúc : It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
It is/was not until + time/clause + that……(mãi tới khi….thì…)
Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
It was not until 1990 that she became a member of the team.
+ Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không hạn định.
Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. (sai)
- Sau giới từ.
Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale. (sai)
+ Bắt buộc dùng THAT :
- Sau cụm từ vừa chỉ người và vật, bắt buộc dùng “that”:
Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
We can see the farmers and their cattle that are going to the field.
- Trong cấu trúc : It be ………. that …………. (có thể dùng WHO khi chủ ngữ Hoặc tân ngữ đứng giữa “It be N / O that ….” chỉ người
5. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho các danh từ có tính từ sở hữu đi kèm (his-, her-, its-, their-).
Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
à John found a cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken. (Of which is informal)
- This is the student. I borrowed his book.
àThis is the student whose book I borrowed.
*Các từ chỉ số lượng như (quantifiers): All of, None of, each of, most of, many of, neither of, the majority of …=> có thể dùng với WHICH / WHOM/ WHOSE trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định:
Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.
à Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.
à He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer
She has a teddy- bear. Both of its eyes are brown.
=> She has a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes are brown.
*Lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ:
1. Giới từ có thể đứng trước Whom và which.
- in formal written style: prep + which/ whom Eg:The man about whom you are talking is my brother.
- in informal style: giới từ thường đứng sau động từ:The man whom you are talking about is my brother.
Chú ý: Khi ĐTQH làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và giới từ đứng sau động từ trong mệnh đề thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ.
Eg: The picture (which) you are looking at is very expensive.
- Nhưng khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ:
Eg: The picture at which you are looking is very expensive.
2. Giới từ không dùng trước That và Who:
3. Khi động từ trong mệnh đề là Phrasal verbs : không được chuyển giới từ lên trước ĐTQH whom /which:
Eg: Did you find the word which you were looking up?
The child whom I have looked after for a year is very naughty.
The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.
4. Without luôn đứng trước whom/ which:
Eg: The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane.
Fortunately we had a map without which we would have got lost.
5. Các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ ( mà trước chúng không có giới từ ) trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định đều có thể lược bỏ. Tuy nhiên trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thì không thể lược bỏ.
Eg: That’s the house (which) I have bought.
The woman (whom) you met yesterday works in advertising.(làm nghề quảng cáo)
Eg: Mr Tom, whom everybody suspected, turned out to be innocent.
II. Phó từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)
1. WHERE: thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc thay cho (in/ at / on ... which), there / here.
Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
à The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
at which
Eg: That is the house. We used to live in it.
=> That is the house where we used to live. (= in which)
This is the table. My teacher put his book on it.
=> This is the table where my teacher put his book. (= on which)
2. WHEN:thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian hoặc thay cho (in/ on/at... which), then
Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
à Do you remember the day when/on which we first met?
Eg: That was the time when he managed the company. (= at which)
à Spring is the season when flowers of all kinds are in full bloom. (= in which)
3. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do.
Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.
à Tell me the reason why/for which you are so sad.
*Note:
- “Where” có thể được sử dụng mà không cần cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn.
Eg: Put it where we all can see it.
- Không sử dụng giới từ trước “Where, When, Why”.
Eg: The building in where he lives/ where he lives in is very old. (sai)
=> The building in which he lives is very old.
III. CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (Defining & Non-Defining relative clauses)
1. Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa. (modify the antecedent which is unclear in meaning)
Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.
à I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
• LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH hạn định.
2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses:
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi thì mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa (modify the antecedent which is clear in meaning, so it’s just an extra information).
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy (use commas to separate with main clause) .
Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…+ N
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất.
Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
à My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
- Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
à Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- The sun made the traveler thirsty. It was hot at midday.
à The Sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveler thirsty.
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không hạn định.
+ Không dùng THAT trong mệnh đề này.
B. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
Điều kiện : Khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, trước ĐTQH không có giới từ.
1. Dùng phân từ:
a. Dùng hiện tại phân từ (present participle) : V-ing -> Khi V trong MĐ ở dạng chủ động
Eg: + The man who is standing there is my brother.
=> The man standing there is my brother
+ Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house.
=> Bill, wanting to make an impression on Ann, invited her to his house.
* Notes: Không nên dùng HTPT để diễn đạt hành động đơn trong quá khứ.
Eg: + The police wanted to interview the people who saw the accident.
=> The police wanted to interview the people seeing the accident. (không nên)
But: + The people who saw the accident had to report it to the police.
=> The people seeing the accident had to report it to the police.
b) Dùng quá khứ phân từ ( Past participle): Ved/3 Khi V trong MĐ ở dạng bị động
Eg: + The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
=> The boy injured in the accident…………………………………….
+ Most of the goods that are made in this factory are exported.
=> Most of the goods made in this factory are exported.
+ Some of the people who have been invited to the party can’t come.
=> Some of the people invited to the party can’t come.
2) Dùng cụm to inf: (To V/ For sb to V / to be + PII... ) (2)
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây : The ONLY, LAST, FIRST, NEXT, SECOND...
Ex: + This is the only student who can solve the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
=> This is the only student to solve the problem.
+ She is the youngest player who won the game.
=> She is the youngest player to win the game.
- ĐTQH là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề, khi muốn diễn đạt mục đích, sự cho phép.
Ex: + The children need a big yard which they can play in.
=> The children need a big yard to play in.
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: + Here is the form that you must fill in.
=> Here is the form for you to fill in.
+ There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ : Trong phần to-inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ ngữ của 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì dùng for sb +to V.
Ex: + We have some picture books that children can read.
=> We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ ngữ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể không cần ghi ra.
Ex: + Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
=> Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronouns có giới từ thì phải đưa giới từ xuống cuối câu.
Ex: + We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
=> We have a peg to hang our coat on.
3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ/ ngữ đồng vị )
Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng:
Which/ Who+ BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ / CỤM GIỚI TỪ/ TÍNH TỪ (3)
Cách làm: bỏ who, which và be
Ex: Vo Nguyen Giap, who was the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago.
=> VNG, the first general of Vietnam, passed away one week ago.
Ex: We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain.
=> We visited Barcelona, a city in northern Spain.
PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN MĐQH:
Bước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề quan hệ nằm ở đâu.
Bước 2: Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm danh từ.
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ?Nếu có áp dụng công thức (3).
2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước ĐTQH có các dấu hiệu the first ,only, second, third..../so sánh hơn nhất…, nếu có thì áp dụng công thức (2). Lưu ý thêm, xem 2 chủ ngữ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb+ V )
3. Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-ing hay Ved/3.
C. REDUCED CLAUSES : RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG TỪ (Reduce an adverbial clause)
* Điều kiện: Chủ từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng từ giống nhau
* Cách rút gọn:
- Bỏ các liên từ bắt đầu một mệnh đề trạng từ.
- Chuyển các hình thức động từ ở dạng chủ động thành present participle (đối với các thì đơn / tiếp diễn) hoặc having + past participle (V3, ed) (đối với các thì hoàn thành).
Example: + After he had finished his work, he went home.
à (After) having finished his work, he went home.
+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book.
à Lying on the floor, he was reading a book.
Or: He was lying on the floor, reading a book.
- Giữ nguyên hình thức động từ ở dạng bị động ở dạng past participle hoặc being + past participle (Đối với các thì đơn / tiếp diễn) hoặc having been + past participle (V3, ed) (đối với các thì hoàn thành).
Example:
+ He was punished by his father, he cried bitterly.
à Being punished by his father, he cried bitterly.
Or: Punished by his father, he cried bitterly.
+ After she had been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him.
à Having been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him.
a. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
- Hai hành động xảy ra song song :
+ He was lying on the floor, he was reading a book.
-> He was lying on the floor, reading a book.
- Hai hành động xảy ra trước sau (thường rút ngắn mđ xảy ra trước)
+ When I came home, I turned on the lights.
-> Coming home, I turned on the lights.
b. Mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nguyên nhân.
+ Because she was unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle.
à Being unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle.
+ She felt very confident because she had prepared well for the test.
à Having prepared well for the test, she felt very confident.
c. Mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản.
+ Although I admit he is right, I do not like him.
à Admitting he is right, I do not like him.
+ Although he is famous, he looks very simple.
à Being famous, he looks very simple.
d. Mệnh đề điều kiện.
+ If you follow my advice, you can win the game.
à Following my advice, you can win the game.
+ If you had gone to the party, you would have met her.
à Having gone to the party, you would have met her.
e. Mệnh đề kết quả: Khi hành động thứ 2 tạo thành một phần hoặc là kết quả của hành động 1, ta có thể rút ngắn hành động 2 về cụm HTPT (V-ing).
+ As she went out, she slammed the door.
à She went out, slamming the door.
+ He fired, wounding one of the bandits.
* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
Choose the best answer.
1. Sunday is the day..........I go to Water park with my kids.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
2. That was the reason..........he didn't marry her.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
3. An architect is someone..........deigns buildings.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
4. The boy to..........I lent my money is poor.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
5. The land and the people..........I have met are nice.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
6. I can answer the question ..........you say is very difficult.
A. which B. who C. whom D. whose
7. This is the place..........the battle took place ten years ago.
A. which B. in where C. where D. from where
8. Sunday is the day..........which we usually go fishing.
A. during B. at C. in D. on
9. This is the last time..........I speak to you.
A. of which B. whose C. that D. which
10. He talked about the books and the authors..........interested him.
A. who B. that C. which D. whom
11. Bondi is the beautiful beach..........I used to sunbathe.
A. when B. where C. which D. why
12. Dec 26th, 05 was the day..........the terrible tsunami happened.
A. when B. where C. which D. why
13. The woman..........lives next my door is doctor.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
14. The boy..........Mary likes is my son.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
15. The boy..........eyes are brown is my son.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
16. The table..........legs are broken should be repaired.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
17. The town..........we are living is noisy and crowded
A. where B. in where C. which D. at which
18. The year..........we came to live here was 1997
A. when B. which C. that D. in the time
19. The worker..........house is next to mine died this morning.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. whose
20. The lady..........son went on a picnic with us last weekend is a teacher at our school.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. that
21. Take..........measures you consider best.
A. whatever B. however C. whenever D. wherever
22. ..........difficulties you may encounter, I'm sure you'll succeed.
A. how B. whatever C. however D. how great
23. He is the only friend..........I like.
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
24. I didn't get the job..........which I applied.
A. in B. on C. at D. for
25. The man..........whom she is married has been married twice before.
A. in B. on C. at D. to
26. I wasn't interested in the things..........which they were talking.
A. in B. on C. at D. about
27. The bed..........which I slept was too soft.
A. in B. on C. at D. for
28. The party..........which we went wasn't very enjoyable.
A. in B. on C. at D. to
29. The flight..........which we wanted to travel was fully booked.
A. in B. on C. at D. for
30. She is the most beautiful girl..........ever lived.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. that
31. The decision was postponed,..........was exactly what he wanted.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
32. All the people..........have gone into the room are still young.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. that
33. Jack has three brothers, all of..........are married.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
34. They gave us a lot of information, most of..........was useless.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
35. There were a lot of people at the party, only a few of..........I had met before.
A. who B. whom C. them D. that
36. . I have sent him two letters, neither of..........has arrived.
A. who B. them C. which D. that
37. John won $,600, half of..........he gave to his parents.
A. whom B. which C. that D. it
38. Ten people applied for the job, none of..........were suitable.
A. who B. whom C. them D. that
39. Jill isn't on the phone,..........makes it difficult to contact her.
A. which B. that C. who D. it
40. Bob is the kind of person to..........one can talk about anything.
A. who B. whom C. that D. him
41. He is a person..........friends trust him.
A. who B. whose C. his D. that
42. Your career should focus on a field in................you are genuinely interested.
A. which B. what C. that D. why
43. People..........outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. which
44. Anna’s marriage has been arranged by her family. She is marrying a man…………….
A. that she hardly knows him B. whom she hardly knows him
C. she hardly knows D. she hardly knows him
45. They said they didn't have any money, ..........was a pity.
A. which B. that C. this D. it
46. I haven't got a passport...........means I can't leave my country.
A. it B. that C. this D. which
47. The part of town where I live is very noisy at night,..........makes it difficult to sleep.
A. which B. where C. that D. this
48. That is the place..........the accident occurred.
A. where B. which C. on which D. that
49. The boys ……………. tennis over there are my new neighbor.
A. who plays B. playing C. that playing D. are playing
50. He read the Old Man and The Sea, a novel ………….by Ernest Hemingway.
A. writing B. which written C. written D. that wrote
51. No one present noticed anything strange.
A. The people who were there didn’t notice anything strange.
B. The people who were there didn’t notice anything usual.
C. The people were there didn’t notice anything strange.
D. The people who were there didn’t notice something strange.
52. Jane refused to attend his birthday party, which made him feel sad.
A. Jane’s refusal to attend his birthday party made him feel sad.
B. He felt sad not to be able to attend his birthday party.
C. Jane made him sad despite her refusal to attend his birthday party.
D. Jane refused to attend his birthday party because it made him feel sad.
53. The plants may develop differently. They grow on that island.
A. The plants which grows on that island may develop differently.
B. The plants which grow on that island may develop differently.
C. The plants grow on that island may develop differently.
D. The plants which grow that island may develop differently.
54. John Smith is a farmer. I bought his land.
A. John Smith, whose land I bought, is a farmer.
B. John Smith, who is a farmer, whose land I bought.
C. John Smith, whom I bought his land, is a farmer.
D. John Smith, a farmer, bought his land.
55. The first man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.
A. The first man interviewing was entirely unsuitable.
B. The first man to interview was entirely unsuitable.
C. The first man was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.
D. The first man to be interviewed was entirely unsuitable.
56. Astronomy is the study of planets and stars. It is one of the world’s oldest sciences
A. Astronomy which is the study of planets and stars is one of the world’s oldest sciences
B. Astronomy, who is the study of planets and stars , is one of the world’s oldest sciences
C. Astronomy is the study of planets and stars which are one of the world’s oldest sciences
D. Astronomy, the study of planets and stars, is one of the world’s oldest sciences
57. Our solar system is in a galaxy. It is called the Milky Way.
A. Our solar system is in a galaxy where is called the Milky Way.
B. Our solar system is in a galaxy called the Milky Way.
C. Our solar system is in a galaxy,
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