CẤU TẠO TỪ (WORD FORMATION)
* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT
A. Cách thành lập DANH TỪ
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Formation |
NOUNS |
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Verb + er/ or/ ant |
Teacher, manager, driver, actor, director, attendant, assistant................... |
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Verb + ion |
Action, invention, construction, direction, revolution, decision.................. |
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Verb + ment/ al |
Development, appointment, refusal, removal, approval...................... |
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Verb + ing |
Swimming, teaching, jogging, training, building..................... |
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Adj + ness |
Kindness, goodness, happiness, sadness, darkness, illness, sickness................. |
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Adj + ty |
Safety, loyalty, variety, ability, honesty, cruelty,.................... |
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Adj + th |
Length, depth, width, truth, warmth, strength...................................... |
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Adj + dom |
Freedom, wisdom, boredom.............................. |
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Noun + ist/ ian |
Guitarish, novelish, violinist, musician, physician, historian.................... |
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Noun + ism |
Patriotism, capitalism, socialism, heroism........................ |
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Noun + ship |
Friendship, leadership, scholarship, comradeship............................ |
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Noun + hood |
Childhood, brotherhood, neighbourhood, parenthood..................... |
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Super/ over/ sub/ sur + N |
Supermarket, superman overexpenditure subway overexpenditure |
Vị trí của DANH TỪ
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Sau tính từ (adj + N) |
They are interesting books. |
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Sau- mạo từ: a /an / the - từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those, every, each, … - từ chỉ số lượng: many, some, few, little, several ... - tính từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, our, their, its… |
He is a student. These flowers are beautiful. She needs some water. |
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Sau ngoại động từ (V cần O) |
She buys books. She meets a lot of people. |
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Sau giới từ (prep. + N) |
He talked about the story yesterday. He is interested in music. |
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Trước V chia thì (N làm chủ từ) |
The main has just arrived. |
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Sau enough (enough + N) |
I don’t have enough money to buy that house. |
B. Cách thành lập TÍNH TỪ
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formular |
Adjectives |
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- ful |
Harmful, useful, successful, hopeful, helpful, peaceful, careful...... |
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- less |
Childless, odourless, careless, hopeless, harmless, useless.............. |
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- ly |
Manly, worldly, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, friendly....... |
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- like |
Childlike, godlike, lifelike, ladylike, manlike.............. |
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- ish |
Childish, boyish, girlish, selfish.............. |
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- y |
Hearthy, dirty, dusty, snowy, windy, rainy, cloudy, sunny, sandy................ |
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- al |
Natural, national, industrial, agricultural, cultural, magical................ |
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- ous |
Dangerous, courageous, poisonous, mountainous................ |
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- ic |
Artistic, electric, alcoholic, economic............................ |
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- able |
Enjoyable, reasonable, respectable...................... |
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Un/ im/ il/ ir/in/ dis + adj |
Unimportant, impossible, illegal, irregular, disable ........................... |
Vị trí của TÍNH TỪ
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Trước N (Adj + N) |
This is an interesting books. |
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Sau TO BE |
I am tired. |
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Sau: become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, seem … |
It becomes hot. She feels sad. |
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Sau trạng từ (adv + adj): extremely (cực kỳ), completely (hoàn toàn), really (thực sự), terribly, very, quite, rather, … |
It is extremely cold. I’m terribly sorry. She is very beautiful. |
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Sau keep / make) |
The news made me happy. |
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Sau too ( be + too + adj) |
That house is too small. |
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Trước enough (be + adj + enough) |
The house isn’t large enough. |
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Trong cấu trúc: be + so + adj + that |
She was so angry that she can’t speak. |
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A, an, the, this, that, his, her, their, my, … + (Adj) + Noun |
My new car is blue. |
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Trong câu cảm thán: - How + adj + S + V - What + (a / an) + adj + N |
How beautiful the girl is! What an interesting film! |
Note: adj-ed adj-ing
Hình thức hiện tại phân từ (-ING): Diễn tả nhận thức của người nói về người/việc gì đó.
Ex: That film is interesting. (Bộ phim đó hay.) (Người xem nhận thấy bộ phim hay.)
Hình thức quá khứ phân từ (-ED): Diễn tả cảm giác của người nói do người/việc gì đó đem lại.
Ex: I am confused about the question. (Tôi bị bối rối về câu hỏi.) (Câu hỏi làm tôi bối rối.)
C. Cách thành lập ĐỘNG TỪ
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formular |
Verbs |
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Dis + verb |
Dislike, disagree, discharge, disappear, disappoint................... |
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Mis + verb |
Mislead, misread, misunderstand, .......................... |
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Out + verb |
Outrun, outlive, outnumber,............................. |
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Over + verb |
Overweigh, overpay, overturn, overheat, overcharge......................... |
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Re + verb |
Rewrite, reuse, recycle, return, retell, recall,............................. |
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Under + verb |
Underdevelop, underdo, underline, undercharge, undersign..................... |
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En + adj |
Enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage, endanger............... |
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ADJ/ noun + en |
Weaken, sharpen, tighten, loosen, shorten, soften |
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Adj/ noun + ise/ ize |
Socialize, memorize, industrialize,sympathise economise.................. |
C. Cách thành lập TRẠNG TỪ
Phần lớn: Adj + -ly ---> Adv
Ex: beautifully, carefully, suddenly, carelessly, recently ...
Lưu ý: Một số trạng từ đặc biệt cần ghi nhớ:
- good (a) well (adv): giỏi, tốt
- late (a) late / lately (adv): trễ, chậm
- ill (a) ill (adv): xấu, tồi, kém
- fast (a) fast (adv): nhanh
- hard (a) hard (adv): tích cực, vất vả, chăm chỉ hardly (adv): hầu như không
Vị trí của Trạng từ
- Adv + adj
Ex: She is very beautiful.
The weather is extremely hot.
- Adverbs are placed at the beginning of the sentence.
Ex: Unfortunately, he failed the exam.
- Adverbs are placed after the verb modified.
Ex: He is running fast.
4. Adv + Pii
Ex: He is well educated.
The wedding day is carefully chosen by groom’s parents.
* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
1. My mother is a______________ of English. (TEACH)
2. Her father is a______________ (FARM)
3. She sent her best wishes for my future______________ . (HAPPY)
4. He was punished for his______________ . (LAZY)
5. We like going in his car as he is a______________ driver. (CARE)
6. AIDS is a______________ disease. (DANGER)
7. She looks______________ in her new coat. (ATTRACT)
8. He turns out to be the______________ student in his class. (GOOD)
9. Nam is always ______________ (BUSINESS)
10. There are four _____in my house. (BOOKSELF)
11. The photocopy is between the _____ and the drugstore. (BAKE)
12. Is your brother an_____? (ACT)
13. Mai's sister is a ______ (SING)
14. We must be ____ when we cross the road. (CARE)
15. This tree has a lot of green _____ (LEAF)
16. Is your father a ______ ? (BUSINESS)
17. I’m Vietnamese. What’s your ______ ? (NATION)
18. Air ....... is a big problem in many cities in the world. (POLLUTE)
19. Yoko is from Japan. She is _____ (JAPAN)
20. Mary likes attending the English ..................... contests. (SPEAK)
21. My neighborhood is ..................... for good and cheap restaurants. (FAME)
22. I like the city life because there are many kinds of ..................... (ENTERTAIN)
23. Lan’s classroom is on the ..................... floor. (TWO)
24. These children like ..................... weather. (SUN)
25. Lan speaks English ..................... than me. (WELL)
26. The Great Wall of China is the world’s ..................... structure. (LONG)
27. What’s Mary’s .....................? - She’s British. (NATION)
28. We should not waste ..................... and water. (ELECTRIC)
29. Let him do it ...................... (HE)
30. My aunt is a good ………….. (TEACH)
31. Thao is my friend. She is very ………. (BEAUTY)
32. I want to go …………..in the summer. (SWIM)
33. My sister ……………gets up early in the morning. (USUAL)
34. Don’t go out at night because it is very …………… (DANGER)
35. This exercise is very ………….. I can’t do it. (DIFFICULTY)
36. He can speak English ………….than his brother. (GOOD)
37. How do you feel now? – I feel …………. (TIRE)
38. My uncle lives in the city. He is a ………….. (DRIVE)
39. Where is Tom? – He is in the …………..room. (LIVE)
40. Nam is the ….. of the three boys. (TALL)
41. Vietnam has a lot of …… beaches. (BEAUTY)
42. Air ….. is a big problem in many cities in the world. (POLLUTE)
43. Our school children sometimes go …..on the weekend. (CAMP)
44. I’m Vietnamese. What’s your ….? (NATION)
45. Mount Everest is very high. It is ….. mountain in the world. (HIGH)
46. Don’t make a fire here. It’s very ….. (DANGER)
47. Is your father a …..? (BUSINESS)
48. We went to bed early because we had a ……….. day. (TIRE)
49. There were two ……… yesterday:fire-making and rice-cooking. (COMPETE)
50. The old lamp ……………… in China is five dollars. (MAKE)
Multiple choice
1. He has been very interested in doing research on _______ since he was at high school.
a. biology b. biological c. biologist d. biologically
2.You are old enough to take _______ for what you have done.
a. responsible b. responsibility c. responsibly d. irresponsible
3.Many Vietnamese people ______ their lives for the revolutionary cause of the nation
a. sacrifice b. sacrificed c. sacrificial d. sacrificially
4.They had a ______ candlelit dinner last night and she accepted his proposal of marriage.
a. romance b. romantic c. romantically d. romanticize
5.She sent me a _______ letter thanking me for my invitation.
a. polite b. politely c. politeness d. impoliteness
6.As an _______, Mr. Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile delinquency.
a. educate b. education c. educator d. educative
7.He was the only _______ that was offered the job.
a. apply b. application c. applicant d. applying
8.Many people have objected to the use of animals in _____ experiments.
a. science b. scientist c. scientific d. scientifically
9._______ is increasing, which results from economic crisis.
a. Employment b. Unemployment c. Employ d. Unemployed
10._______! I have heard of your success in the new project.
a. Congratulate b. Congratulating c. Congratulation d. Congratulations
11.A / an _______ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct.
a. dangerous b. endanger c. endangered d. endangerment
12.Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with ____.
a. extinct b. extinction c. extinctive d. extinctly
13.They are going to _______ the pool to 1.8 meter.
a. deep b. depth c. deepen d. deeply
14.The referee had no hesitation in awarding the visiting team a _______.
a. penalty b. penalize c. penal d. penalization
15.The referee's _______ is the most important in any sport competition.
a. decide b. decisive c. decision d. decider
16.Johnny used to be one of the most _______ athletes in my country.
a. succeed b. success c. successful d. successfully
17.The success of the 22nd SEA Games had a great contribution of many ____ volunteers.
a. support b. supporter c. supportive d. supportively
18.He was so _______ that he could not even say a word.
a. nerve b. nerves c. nervous d. nervously
19.I am really _______ in the way he talks, but the way he behaves.
a. interest b. interested c. interesting d. interestingly
20.Thanks to labor-saving devices, women have more time to take part in _______ activities.
a. society b. social c. socially d. socialize
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